This case study explores this hypothesis in the city of Mosul, northern Iraq, using the lens of displacement status to explore how the various sources of support have been impacted by conflict and occupation. The 300 respondents to this study’s household survey were comprised of three equally sized groups: internally displaced people (IDPs); those who were displaced but have since returned to their area of origin; and those who have stayed in Mosul since the onset of the conflict with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in 2013. This survey was complemented by in-depth interviews with affected people and humanitarian responders.

The humanitarian context facing Iraq in 2021 has significantly changed from recent years. While humanitarian needs in Iraq continue to be primarily driven by the effects of conflict and displacement, COVID-19 presented an additional shock in 2020. The impact of COVID-19—particularly the economic downturn caused by the deteriorating oil prices—have resulted in loss of livelihoods, while at the same time, the restriction in movements have disrupted access to services and increased protection and gender-based violence (GBV) risks. These conditions had a significant socio-economic impact on the Iraqi population as a whole and have increased humanitarian needs especially among conflict-affected populations, particularly in out-of-camp and return locations. In addition, the sudden closure of 14 camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the second half of the year have

While horrific violence dominates the lives of millions of ordinary people inside Iraq, another kind of crisis, also due to the impact of war, has been slowly unfolding. Up to eight million people are now in need of emergency assistance. This figure includes:

• four million people who are ‘food-insecure and in dire need of different types of humanitarian assistance’

• more than two million displaced people inside Iraq

• over two million Iraqis in neighbouring countries, mainly Syria and Jordan, making this the fastest-growing refugee crisis in the world.

This paper describes the humanitarian situation facing ordinary Iraqis and argues that, while violence and a failure to protect fundamental human rights pose the greatest problems, humanitarian needs such as food, shelter, water and sanitation must be given more attention. Although responding to those needs is extremely challenging, given the lack of security and of competent national institutions, Oxfam and the NGO Coordination Committee in Iraq (NCCI) believe that more could 

أدى تسارع تدهور األحداث االمنية يف العراق اىل تزايد أعداد النساء املطلقات واألرامل والتغيري يف منط العالقات االجتماعية واالقتصادية بفقدان املعيل لالسرة واحلاجة اىل تأمني املردود االقتصادي والدخل ، حيث الوضع املعيشي الصعب لالسرة. مما دعت الضرورة اىل دراسة ظاهرة األسر اليت ترأسها امرأة واليت قادتها الظروف اىل حتمل مسؤولية األسرة باإلضافة اىل أعباء الرتبية وإن كانت إسهامات املرأة العراقية موجودة فعلياً وغري مرتبطة بأوضاع اجتماعية معينة. تهدف الدراسة اىل تسليط الضوء على جوانب احلياة العامة للنساء اللواتي يرتأسن اسرهن حيث إعتمدت الدراسة التحليلية جماالت منهاج عمل بيجني 1995 وقد استخدمت املؤشرات املتوفرة يف املصادر الوطنية اإلحصائية من أجل توفرياملعطيات الالزمة إلحتياجات هذه الفئة من النساء. ونأمل أن تكون الدراسة بداية البحث ملتابعة دراسة أوضاع هذه الفئة من النساء

يشكل عنصر العمل ، بمستوياته المختلفة ، اهم عناصـر الانتـاج باعتبـاره العنصر القادر على تحقيق التفاعل بين باقي عناصر الانتاج لخلق الانتـاج السـلعي والخدمي . وقوة العمل هي الشرط الضروري لتحقيق التنميـة الاقتصـادية والتقـدم الشامل في اية دولة ، وعملها ذو ابعاد اقتصادية وسياسية واجتماعية بينمـا تشـكل إنتاجيتها العامل المحدد الرئيس للقدرة التنافسية لاي اقتصـاد . وتتحـدد الانتاجيـة بمستواها التعليمي والمهاري وبمدى حداثة الفن الانتاجي الـذي تعمـل فـي اطـاره وبالذات مدى حداثة الآلآت التي تستخدمها كفاءة النظام الاداري ومدى تطور البنيـة الاساسية والخدمات المساعدة.